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Abstinence Works

Condom Effectiveness

www.4parents.gov — chart on the effectiveness of contraception

www.4parents.gov — Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

A recently published study in Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine reports on the use of condoms in 715 African American females aged 15-21. Participants who had engaged in intercourse within the last 14 days were asked how frequently they had used condoms. Vaginal fluid from the participants was then tested for evidence of sperm. Of the 186 participants who reported 100% condom use, 63 (34%) had evidence of sperm in their vaginal fluid. The authors note that their study did not try to explain why so many of the participants who reported consistent condom use had evidence of sperm in their vaginal fluid. Some possible reasons that the authors suggested were misreporting condom use, incorrectly using condoms, or wanting to give a socially desirable response.

To read the abstract of this article, click on the following link:
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/61


The Effectiveness (%) of Condoms for STI Risk Reduction

(chart prepared by The Medical Institute)
 

Penile-Vaginal Sex

Oral Sex

Anal Sex

 

Consistent

Inconsistent

HIV

85

(j)

some risk reduction

(d, k, r)

may increase risk

(c)

some risk reduction

(e, n)

inconsistent use may

increase risk

(m)

Chlamydia

~50

(a, b)

may increase

risk

(a)

─*

Gonorrhea

~50

(a, b)

may increase

risk

(a)

some risk reduction (t)

Syphilis

~50

(a, j)

─*

Herpes

~50

(f, q)

some risk reduction

(q)

HPV

≤ 50

(h, j, p, s)

some risk reduction

(s)

*Data not available

References:

a. Ahmed S, Lutalo T, Wawer M, et al. HIV incidence and sexually transmitted disease prevalence associated with condom use: a population study in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2001; 15(16): 2171-2179.

b. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185(2): 380-385.

c. Celentano DD, Sifakis F, Hylton J, Torian LV, Guillin V, Koblin BA. Race/ethnic differences in HIV prevalence and risks among adolescent and young adult men who have sex with men. J Urban Health 2005; 82(4): 610-621.

d. Davis KR, Weller SC. The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Fam Plann Perspect. 1999; 31(6): 272-279.

e. Detels R, Visscher BR, Jacobson LP, et al. Sexual activity, condom use, and HIV-1 seroconversion. In: Voeller B, Reinisch JM, Gottlieb M, eds. AIDS and Sex: An Integrated Biomedical and Biobehavioral Approach. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990: 13-19.

f. Gottlieb SL, Douglas JM Jr., Foster M, et al. Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in 5 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and the effect of HIV/STD risk-reduction counseling. J Infect Dis. 2004; 190(6): 1059-1067.

h. Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002; 29(11): 725-735.

j. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention. June 12-13, 2000, Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; 2001. Available from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/stds/condomreport.pdf.

k. Pinkerton SD, Abramson PR. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission. Soc Sci Med. 1997; 44(9): 1303-1312.

m. Samuel MC, Hessol N, Shiboski S, Engel RR, Speed TP, Winkelstein W, Jr. Factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in homosexual men in three San Francisco cohort studies, 1984-1989. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993; 6(3): 303-312.

n. Saracco A, Musicco M, Nicolosi A, et al. Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993; 6(5): 497-502.

p. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Herrero R, et al., and the IARC HPV Prevalence Surveys Study Group. Sexual behavior, condom use, and human papillomavirus: pooled analysis of the IARC human papillomavirus prevalence surveys. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(2): 326-333.

q. Wald A, Langenberg AG, Krantz E, et al. The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(10): 707-713.

r. Weller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): CD003255: 1-22.

s. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(25): 2645-2654.

t. Wong ML, Chan RK. A prospective study of pharyngeal gonorrhoea and inconsistent condom use for oral sex among female brothel-based sex workers in Singapore. Int J STD AIDS. 1999; 10(9): 595-59